Immunology

The humoral response is the acquired immune response to specific antigens that forgather our body. The steps knotted are hullabaloo, antigen presentation, T carrell actuate and B cell activation. The antigen sensory sense organs involved increase in specificity from the TLRs on dendritic cells and macrophages to the MHC class II sense organs on APC to the TCR on T cells and ultimately the antibodies on B cells. Following invasion, the inflammation initiates vasodilation of the surrounding vessels which increase the pipeline flow to the site. Various chemotactic agents make up the endothelium sticky for purity blood cells, including neutrophils which recognize antigens via toll receptors and phagocytize the antigens and fire lysosome enzymes into the phagosome. They excessively tumble cytokines and chemokines leading to the recruitment of macrophages and dendritic cells. These cells also phagocytize the antigen, but after(prenominal) digestion, they present the fra gments of antigen polypeptide on MHC class II molecules on the surface. The APCs tend through the lymph to the lymph nodes to present the antigen to T cells. some(prenominal) the presented antigen and the MHC II receptor it is presented on has to be specific for the T cell which has a CD4 screen site for the specific receptor and a TCR which binds to the antigen.

The macrophage also put unders IL-1 which stimulates the IL-1 receptor on the T cell after which a B7 turn over molecule that extends from the macrophage is bound to the CD28 receptor on the T cell. This causes release of IL-2 from the T cell which binds spikelet to its own receptor on the T cell! leading to auto stimulation which activates mitosis and clonal expansion. This produces Memory T cells, aid T cells which then activates B cells and Cytotoxic T cells that carry off cells infected/ colonise by foreign antigens. T companion cells release cytokines that fig up the alarm for B cells to create much antigen-specific antibodies, which requires stimulation from attach of a Helper T cell. bond of...If you want to film a full essay, order it on our website: BestEssayCheap.com

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